2.
   2022
/   
 
[   (1799-1966)]
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1. 1839              
2. 1839               
 -
3. 1845  1856              
4. 19
               
 -
5.            ?
2.
6.              
-
7.    '    
8. 1966        
   2022
/   
 
[   (1799-1966)]
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1. 1839              
: 
       ,        
   -     1839       ,  
                   
  '              
2.
     ,            
      
1839        ,       ,  
           ,    ,
          
󷇮󷇭     -  
2.
         ,     1799    
     
 -    '     '
       ,      
            ,    
      
 ,    '         
 ,    -  , ,       
 ,          
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓      ?
1839 ,              -  -  
   -     ,            
   
  
 -      
󽆯-  
2.
1819              ,   
           ,       
    '         
      
 -    '      
   ,              
             
      
             
,     
    
󷨰󷨱󷨲󷨳󷨴󷨵    
2.
      ,             
  '             -    
       
  '   ,             
        
   '    ,
          
        ,       
  
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆  
2.
        -     "    " 
         
  -  , , ,    -    
  
       ,      
            
   '   , ,         
                 
'    ,        
󹴈󼪩󼪪󼪫󼪬󼪱󼪲󼪭󼪮󼪯󼪰     
2.
1818           "  "   , 
         
               
             
 
 -     '     
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶      
                   
                
     ,    '      
    
          '   
  
       :
-   
   
   
           
󹵧󹵨󹵩󹵪󹵮󹵯󹵫󹵰󹵬󹵭       ?
2.
              
     ,         '   
      -     ,       
   
,    :      

1839      ,  -      
,    ,           
  ,   -     
        :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        -      ?
           
󽇐     

      ,            
 :
1.               
2.               '  
3.             
4.          '    '     
               
󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲
1839 ,                 
      -     , ,   
           
;   
    '  
 ,           
      
 ,              
 
2.
 ,                 
 
 :        
,   
   
  ,        -     -   
           ,     
 ,              , 
"  "     ,     ,     
  
2. 1839               
:1839          
 ,           , 19
  
             1799 ,      '
 , 1839     ,          
           
,        
    ,     
1. :       
?
   '     -   '    
   ,     ,       
       '        ,
,     
 ,         
2.        
()    (    )
       ( )    ,
,         
  : -    , ,    
     ()     ,     
          
 :    ,          
             
    :        
 , 
      
2.
()       
      , ,        
           
()    
    ,           
      
,       
3.        
()   
  , , ,          
       ,        
 
()    
 :,              


:              
 
  :,      -    
  : ,          

(c)   
      
           
            
4.     
      
     
        
         ,    
 
  '          
    ,       ,   ,
     ,    
5.       
2.
            :
  :          
  :         , 
   
   :          
 
   :          
          
6. 1839     
1839        ,       
            
 , 1849         ,        
 

1839                
 :  , ,      
 :    ' ,   ,    
  
  : ,        

              ,   
       ,       
   
 -
3. 1845  1856              
:1845  1856                  
   ,            
               , 
               
,   ,            
2.
           '      -
   -    
      ,          
      ,         
, 1839       ,     ,
            ,    
      ,      
 -  (1845-46)            
,            ,     
 ,                
       '     ,   -
          -  (1848-49) 1849     
       ,      
  ,        :      
                
 ,                 
,              
          
                 
    -    ,       
         ,   ,  
               ,  
               
      1857          
 
    
           
            ',    
    ,         
       ,      

,       
     ,   
            '    
            '    ,  
 '                
    ,          
2.
            ,      
  ,  ,          
                    
  
 ,                 
              
            
-      ,       
  
               ,    
     -             
                  
       
  ,               ,
       '      
 ;
                
    ,       
    -           
  ,             ,
                 
         
 ,             
                
    --         
           

1853              ,  
               
     ,   ,        
       ,            
  
 
1845  1856           ,  
-      
   ,    -  
            ,    
 ,                
    

2.
 ,     
        
          ,   
                 ,    
                
 
 ,               
            
 ,    
             
  
         
      
   ,           
               
              -  
    
4. 19
               
:19
           
   19
            - 
      1870       ,    '     
 -         ,     
            ,    
       ,         ,
               
 ,    
1. :   

1849        ,        :
    :       () 
  
 :      ,   
      
    :              ,
      
 :      ,       

2.
   ,             

2.     
   1873         ,    1879   
            ,       
      
      :         
     
3.   
      :
1.     :          
 
2.   :          
3.    :          ,  
 
4.   :         
 
5.    :  ,          
4.    
() 
       ,        
(1892)  
     -      

()    
          
 
                
()    
          '  
                 

2.
()    
      
          
5.     
()      
               
            
()   
    ,     -      
            
(c)       
   20
        ( )  
, 
         
()    
    -,     
6.     
              
 
  - ,         
   ,      

7. 
            19
    ,    
  ,         ,       
           
  ,    
        
   ,        -        

 ,      -          
  
              
2.
 -
5.            ?
:      ,         
     ,      ,     
  - -         
 
                       -
   
   -- ,      
  ,  
        
 
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌     
       
        
      ,          
, ,        
13 , 1919 ,           ,   
               
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
  ?
  ,         
    ,           
           
    
        -     -   
               
    ',    
                 
 ,           
,                 ,
       '       -    
         

2.
󹻦󹻧      
 ,      ,         50
     
     ,             , 
       
    

       ,           '
                    -
           
  10    
 1,650   
            379   ,  
       1,000   ,      
         -          
     
   '  

   '  
󺆅󺇛󺇜󺇟󺇝󺇞     
 ?
        "  "      
              
       
    ,  
          
                 
          
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛    
2.
          ,         
             ,    

                  
         ,      
          
 
       
󽇐   '    ?'   ?
                
   
1.       
   ,             
    ,     
       
      -  
 
2.     
              ,    
, -     -      
         
        
3.     
                  

           
2.
      
 -      
4.       
          ,        
      
    ,     ,     ,
          
        '    
5.      
                
       '      
    ""       ,     
       
󹵝󹵟󹵞     
  ?
,         
    -  ,  '     ,      
       
 -      
 
             
 
     
             


󷊻󷊼󷊽
           -       
  
      
2.
    
     
       
;            
       
        , 
            
 ,  
,       ,       
      
 :
6.              
:        
19
 20
            
 -    
 ,            
         
 ,       
                
--  ,     
1.             
 1839         ,    -    
1849               
   '   :
  :     ()   
              - 
 
  :      ,     
       ,         
               
  
2.     
       ,       
           
   
     
2.
:      ,       
   :          
            
            

3.      (  )
         19
        
               
  :             

  :         ,   -
               
 
4.      
               
                  
        ,        
       
5.         
    ,       :
   :        ,      
  
    : ,         
     
     :      ,  
  -           
   ,  ,    '   
6.       
               :
  :          '   
 
2.
-  :-       ,   
     -         
 
7.     
19
   ,               
              
 ,     
 -     
  
             
  
8.       
            :
                
           
            
   
9.           
                    
:
   
 ( )  
       

         ( ,  ,  ,
  )    (   , ,   ,
 )               
       
2.
-
7.    '    
:1946             
          -   -      
        '        , 
   :          ?    , 
  -       ?
      ,   ,      ,
     
,     
 ,       
,             
        
:   
  ?
1945         ,    '       '
     '          , 
       ,          -
       '   -     
                
         ,  1946  ,    
           
    :
 - (   )
  (    ,       )
..  (   )
       :        
     
        |
      :
2.
1.          
2.     
3.            
         -     
  '     ,           
    
       
      
1.    
                 
         :
  


     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
  :           
            
2.  
                 :
 :     (   , )
 :-      
 :  
               
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:               
 -       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           '     
 
2.
3.   
               
    '  ,             '
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :            -    
                
4.   
   ,          

 
  ,               
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
       
         
     
                  
    
 
    ,       
    
   
   
                 -  
        

  
2.
  -          
        
  
    ,        
󽆱  
     '  
           
        ,       

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
󽆱   
               
    
 
   ,           
 
󽆱       
      '   ,        
  
1946 ,           

󽆱   
         :
   '  
      
    '  
    ,           
 
  
 ?
2.
  ,                
   

             
 ,  
        ,         1946  
     ,      
       ,           -
  
 
,       ,   1947        

  
     ,          
           
   '         
      
         
  ,         
   
           ?
        -         ?
     '  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      -         
                  
1946 ,      
   -       
              ?   
             
 
2.

         ""         
             
 ,    ,  ,         
  ,        
 :    ' 
   ,     ,     '   
     ,            
 
8. 1966        
:1966     -    
1966            '  
             1   1966 
 ,         ,     
     , ,      , 
   
1.   
1947  :   ()    ()   
         
   , 1956:   (    
)         
       :1960   ,       ( ) 
 ,          
   :          ,  
         
     1966          
2.    
         :
2.
1.    :
o          ,      ' 
    
o            
2.      :
o            

o             
3.        :
o             , 
     
4.        :
o                   
 
o           
5.   :
o  ,         
      
3.   
     :             
       
  :      ,      
        
   :         
    
 :             , 
         
4.     
         ,       :
()   
          ,   
        
     ,        
()      
      ( , , )       
2.
    ,             
          
()     
              
     
               
()   
        ,     
               
5.    
  :        ,
      
    :        , 
           
 :             
     
   :                
    ,    1980          
6.    
1966           :
              
      '     ,    
 
            

            
       

1966                , 
           ,    
     
2.
"                 
 
          ,         
 "